Argparse 教程
作者:Tshepang Lekhonkhobe
这个教程旨在对 argparse
进行简单的介绍, argparse
是标准库推荐使用的命令行解析模块。
说明:python 版本:3.60。另外还有两种其他的模块来完成同样的工作,分别是 getopt
(类似于 C 语言中的 getopt()
)和过时的 optparse
。需要知道的是 argparse
其实是基于 optparse
而来的,
所以它们在用法上非常的相似。
概念
我们首先通过 ls
命令来说明一下我们将要在这个教程中所讲的东西:
$ ls
cpython devguide prog.py pypy rm-unused-function.patch
$ ls pypy
ctypes_configure demo dotviewer include lib_pypy lib-python ...
$ ls -l
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 19 wena wena 4096 Feb 18 18:51 cpython
drwxr-xr-x 4 wena wena 4096 Feb 8 12:04 devguide
-rwxr-xr-x 1 wena wena 535 Feb 19 00:05 prog.py
drwxr-xr-x 14 wena wena 4096 Feb 7 00:59 pypy
-rw-r--r-- 1 wena wena 741 Feb 18 01:01 rm-unused-function.patch
$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
...
我们从这 4 个命令中可以学到如下几点:
ls
不带任何参数的时候非常有用,它会默认返回当前目录的内容哦。
基本的认识
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.parse_args()
下面是运行的结果:
$ python3 prog.py
$ python3 prog.py --help
usage: prog.py [-h]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
$ python3 prog.py --verbose
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: --verbose
$ python3 prog.py foo
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: foo
位置参数
一个例子:
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("echo")
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.echo)
运行的结果:
$ python3 prog.py
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
prog.py: error: the following arguments are required: echo
$ python3 prog.py --help
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
positional arguments:
echo
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
$ python3 prog.py foo
foo
Note however that, although the help display looks nice and all, it currently is not as helpful as it can be. For example we see that we got echo as a positional argument, but we don’t know what it does, other than by guessing or by reading the source code. So, let’s make it a bit more useful:
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("echo", help="echo the string you use here")
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.echo)
我们得到:
$ python3 prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
positional arguments:
echo echo the string you use here
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
下面我们做些更加有意思的事情:
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("square", help="display a square of a given number")
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.square**2)
运行的结果:
$ python3 prog.py 4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "prog.py", line 5, in <module>
print(args.square**2)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'str' and 'int'
need set type of argument
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("square", help="display a square of a given number",
type=int)
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.square**2)
下面是运行的结果:
$ python3 prog.py 4
16
$ python3 prog.py four
usage: prog.py [-h] square
prog.py: error: argument square: invalid int value: 'four'
o** 可选参数我们已经学会如何添加位置参数,下面我们看下如何添加可选参数:
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--verbosity", help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.verbosity:
print("verbosity turned on")
输出结果:
$ python3 prog.py --verbosity 1
verbosity turned on
$ python3 prog.py
$ python3 prog.py --help
usage: prog.py [-h] [--verbosity VERBOSITY]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--verbosity VERBOSITY
increase output verbosity
$ python3 prog.py --verbosity
usage: prog.py [-h] [--verbosity VERBOSITY]
prog.py: error: argument --verbosity: expected one argument