LaTex 下书写数学公式、表达式以及各种数学符号
Table of Contents
什么是 LaTex
Latex 是一个用于书写以及排版的计算机语言。它在写数学符号和公式方面尤其方便。
如何使用 Latex 写数学符号
在 Latex 中有三种方法来写数学符号:
- 行内(inline)形式(符号以及公式夹杂在文本的中间,例如这样 \(E=mc^2\) )
独立的一行(equation)
\begin{equation} x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} \end{equation}- full-sized 行内表达式(通过 displaystyle)
为了得到这种形式的表达式需要使用 \displaystyle。
例如:
I want this $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n}$ ,not this $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n}, I want this \(\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n}\) ,not this \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n}\) 。
数学符号
下面是比较常用的一些:
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| addition | + | \(+\) |
| subtraction | - | \(-\) |
| plus or minus | \pm |
\(\pm\) |
| multiplication(times) | \times |
\(\times\) |
| multiplication(dot) | \cdot |
\(cdot\) |
| division symbol | \div |
\(\div\) |
| division(slash) | / |
\(/\) |
| simple text | \text{text} |
\(\text{text}\) |
| infinity | \infty |
\(\infty\) |
| dots | 1,2,3,\ldots |
\(1,2,3,\ldots\) |
| dots | 1+2+3+\cdots |
\(1+2+3+\cdots\) |
| fraction | \frac{a}{b} |
\(\frac{a}{b}\) |
| nth root | \sqrt[n]{x} |
\(\sqrt[n]{x}\) |
| square root | \sqrt{x} |
\(\sqrt{x}\) |
| exponentiation | a^b |
\(a^b\) |
| subscript | a_b |
\(a_b\) |
| natural log | \ln(x) |
\(\ln(x)\) |
| logarithms | \log_{a}b |
\(\log_{a}b\) |
| exp | \exp |
\(\exp\) |
| deg | \deg(f) |
\(deg(f)\) |
| arcmin | ^\prime |
\(^\prime\) |
| arcsec | ^{\prime\prime} |
\(^{\prime\prime}\) |
| circle plus | \oplus |
\(\oplus\) |
| circle times | \otimes |
\(\otimes\) |
| equal | = | \(=\) |
| not equal | \ne |
\(\ne\) |
| less than | < |
\(<\) |
| less than or equal to | \le |
\(\le\) |
| greater than or equal to | \ge |
\(\ge\) |
| approximately equal to | \approx |
\(\approx\) |
Functions
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| maps to | \to |
\(\to\) |
| composition | \circ |
\(\circ\) |
希腊字母
| 命令 | 输出 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|---|
\alpha |
\(\alpha\) | \tau |
\(\tau\) |
\beta |
\(\beta\) | \theta |
\(\theta\) |
\chi |
\(\chi\) | \upsilon |
\(\upsilon\) |
\delta |
\(\delta\) | \xi |
\(\xi\) |
\epsilon |
\(\epsilon\) | \zeta |
\(\zeta\) |
\varepsilon |
\(\varepsilon\) | \Delta |
\(\Delta\) |
\eta |
\(\eta\) | \Gamma |
\(\Gamma\) |
\gamma |
\(\gamma\) | Lambda |
\(\Lambda\) |
\iota |
\(\iota\) | \Omega |
\(\Omega\) |
\kappa |
\(\kappa\) | \Phi |
\(\Phi\) |
lambda |
\(\lambda\) | \Pi |
\(\Pi\) |
\mu |
\(\mu\) | \Psi |
\(\Psi\) |
\nu |
\(\nu\) | Sigma |
\(\Sigma\) |
\omega |
\(\omega\) | \Theta |
\(Theta\) |
\phi |
\(\phi\) | \Upsilon |
\(\Upsilon\) |
\varphi |
\(\varphi\) | \Xi |
\(\Xi\) |
\pi |
\(\pi\) | \aleph |
\(\aleph\) |
\psi |
\(\psi\) | \beth |
\(\beth\) |
\rho |
\(\rho\) | \daleth |
\(\daleth\) |
\sigma |
\(\sigma\) | \gimel |
\(\gimel\) |
向量
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| vector | \vec{v} |
\(\vec{v}\) |
| vector | \mathbf{v} |
\(\mathbf{v}\) |
集合
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| set brackets | \{1,2,3\} |
\(\{1,2,3\}\) |
| element of | \in |
\(\in\) |
| subset of | \subset |
\(\subset\) |
| subset of | \subseteq |
\(\subseteq\) |
| contains | \supset |
\(\supset\) |
| contains | \supseteq |
\(\supseteq\) |
| union | \cup |
\(\cup\) |
| intersection | \cap |
\(\cap\) |
| big union | \bigcup_{n=1}^{10}A_n |
\(\bigcup_{n=1}^{10}A_n\) |
\bigcap_{n=1}^{10}A_n |
\(\bigcap_{n=1}^{10}A_n\) | |
\emptyset |
\(\emptyset\) | |
\mathcal{P} |
\(\mathcal{P}\) | |
\min |
\(\min\) | |
\max |
\(\max\) | |
\sup |
\(\sup\) | |
\inf |
\(\inf\) | |
\limsup |
\(\limsup\) | |
\liminf |
\(\liminf\) | |
\overline{A} |
\(\overline{A}\) | |
| Set of real numbers | \mathbb{R} |
\(\mathbb{R}\) |
逻辑
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| not | \sim |
\(\sim\) |
| and | \land |
\(\land\) |
| or | \lor |
\(\lor\) |
| if..then | \to |
\(\to\) |
| if and only if | \leftrightarrow |
\(\leftrightarrow\) |
| logical eq | \equiv |
\(\equiv\) |
| therefore | ∴ | \(\therefore\) |
| there exists | \exists |
\(\exists\) |
| for all | \forall |
\(\forall\) |
| implies | \Rightarrow |
\(\Rightarrow\) |
| equivalent | \Leftrightarrow |
\(\Leftrightarrow\) |
微积分
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| derivative | \frac{df}{dx} |
\(\frac{df}{dx}\) |
| derivative | f' |
\(f'\) |
| partial derivative | \frac{\partial f} {\partial x} |
\(\frac{\partial f} {\partial x}\) |
| limits | \lim_{x\to \infty} |
\(\lim_{x\to \infty}\) |
| sum | \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n |
\(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n\) |
| product | \prod_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n |
\(\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n\) |
| integral | \int |
\(\int\) |
\iint |
\(\iint\) | |
\iiint |
\(\iiint\) |
三角函数
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
\angle ABC |
\(\angle ABC\) | |
90^{\circ} |
\(90^{\circ}\) | |
\triangle ABC |
\(\triangle ABC\) | |
\overline{AB} |
\(\overline{AB}\) | |
\sin |
\(\sin\) | |
\cos |
\(\cos\) | |
\tan |
\(\tan\) | |
\cot |
\(\cot\) | |
\sec |
\(\sec\) | |
\csc |
\(\csc\) | |
\arcsin |
\(\arcsin\) | |
\arccos |
\(\arccos\) | |
\arctan |
\(\arctan\) |
其他
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 |
|---|---|---|
| underbrace | \underbrace{}_{} |
\(\underbrace{}_i\) |
| boxed | \boxed |
\(\boxed{\frac {a} {b}}\) |
| hat | \hat{} |
\(\hat{\theta}\) |
\widehat{d e f} |
\(\widehat{d e f}\) | |
| overbrace | \overbrace{}^{} |
\(\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}\) |
\binom{n}{k} |
\(\binom{n}{k}\) | |
op\stackrel{a}{\longrightarrow}op |
\(op\stackrel{a}{\longrightarrow}op\) |
\binom{n}{k} \end{equation}
cases
写法:
\begin{equation}
F= \begin{cases} a & {b=0}\\ c & {d=1} \end{cases}
\end{equation}
效果:
\begin{equation} F= \begin{cases} a & {b=0}\\ c & {d=1} \end{cases} \end{equation}或者这种写法:
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases}
公式换行、对齐
写法:
\begin{align}
F &= a + b \\&=c+d \\&=e+f
\end{align}
效果:
\begin{align} F &= a + b \\&=c+d \\&=e+f \end{align}关键是 align, & 用于对齐, \\用于换行
substack
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\substack{-m \le j \le +m \\ j \ne 0}}
\end{equation}
使限制条件处于并列的两行:
\begin{equation} \sum_{\substack{-m \le j \le +m \\ j \ne 0}} \end{equation}matrix
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}
\begin{equation}
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}
\end{equation}
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
\begin{equation}
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
\end{equation}
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{equation}
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}
\end{equation}
最后
如果是写一些笔记或者论文中有大量数学符号,我推荐使用 Org mode 来写, 真的非常非常方便,如果你体验过一次就会知道。对很多人来说,这个其实门槛有点高了,因为你必须要对 Emacs 有所熟悉才行。 Org mode 下原生支持的符号可参考:Symbols in Org-mode 。