The Elements of Style

Table of Contents


Chapter 1 基本规则

Rule 1 单数名词末尾加 's, 构成名词所有格

表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加 ’s 来表示所有关系,叫做名词所有格。

单数名词加 's 构成名词所有格,以 s 结尾的复数结尾的名词加 '

凡是不能加 's 的名词,都可以与 of 构成短语,表示所有关心

双重所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。 “of+名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人, 不能表示事物。例如 a play of Shakespeare’s。 而且该名词必须是特指的, 不能是泛指的。我们可以说:a friend of the doctor’s(这位医生的一个朋友),a novel of the writer’s(那位作者的一部小说),而不能说 a friend of a doctor’s 或 a novel of a writer’s。

代词的所有格们,如 hers, its,theirs,yours 和 oneself,可以直接来表示,不用加 ‘

Rule 2 叙述一系列超过三个以上的名词,在最后一个名词前使用连接词,其余的每个名词以逗号隔开

如 and, or, nor


red,white,and blue. 不能写成 red,white and blue.

在公司的名词中,最后一个逗号将会被省略


Brown , Shipley and Company (勃朗、雪泼莱公司)

对于缩写 etc.,即使其前面只有一个词语,也应该加上一个逗号。

Rule 3 将作附加说明用的插入语放在两个逗号中间


        The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
    要想充分领略一个国家的风光,如果时间不紧迫的话,最好是步行

对于非限定性定语从句而言,从句放在两个逗号之间。 在这些句子中,由 which,when 和 where 引导的都是非限制性从句。它们并不起限制或限定的作用,而仅起补充说明的作用。


The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.

In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

限制性定语从句不是插入成分,因此不用逗号分开。 The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.

除非是在句尾,否则缩写 etc.和 jr.前后都要有逗号隔开。

Rule 4 以连接词 and 或 but 引导完整的句子,在连接词的前方用逗号标明


The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

在上面的例子中,and 表示因果关系。这两个句子也可写成:


Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape.

As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

对于由两部分构成的复合句而言,要在 as,for,or,nor 和 while 所引导的第二个句子的连接词前加上逗号。

Rule 5 不可用逗号直接连接两个完整的句子

需要注意的是,如果第二个句子是用副词来引导的,例如 accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore 或者 thus, 并在副词之前没有连接词的话,则需要用分号。


I had never been in the placce before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.

一般情况下,我们在写作是最好避免像上面使用 so 来表示因果关系,因为会使用这个句型的作者不自觉的过多使用这个词。一个简单的变换就是将 so 省略,然后在第一个句子前加上 as 来表示因果关系。


As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.

如果说几个句子都很短,在句型上也很相似的话,可以直接使用逗号隔开


Man proposes, God disposes.

The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.

Rule 6 不可将句子任意拆成两部分

就是说,如果使用句号后,句子前后的句子变得不再完整的话,那么就不能用句号来代替逗号。

Rule 7 句首的分词短语所指代的主语应与主句的主语保持一致


Walking slowly down the road, the saw a women accompanied by two children.

这里 walking 引导的短语修饰的是本句的主语,而不是 a women。如果作者想修饰 women 的话,


He saw a women, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.

Rule 8 在行末需要将单词拆分时,必须遵守构词和发音的规则

如 know-ledge (not knowl-edge), de-scribe(not des-cribe)

Chapter 2 英语写作的基本原理

将每个段落视为一个单位,每个段落有其中心主旨

在段落的开始使用主题句点题,段落的结尾与主题句相呼应

使用主动语态

使用肯定句陈述

省略赘词

避免连续使用结构松散的句子

以相似的句型结构叙述对等的概念

将相关的词放在一起

总结叙述时,要使用同一时态

将需要强调的词或词组放在句子的末尾

Chapter 3 写作格式需要注意的事项

Chapter 4 常见的易错单词和表达法

All right As to whether As good or better than Bid Case Certainly Character
Claim Compare Clever Consider Dependable Due to Effect
Etc Fact Factor Feature Fix He is a man who However
Kind of Less Line alone these lines Literal literally Lose out Most Nature
Near by Oftentimes ofttimes One hundred and one One of the most People Phase Possess
Respective Respectively So Sort of State Student body System Thanking you in advance
They Very Viewpoint While Whome Worth while Would
  1. All right

    与亲近的人对话时的常用语,如 “Agreed” 或 "Go ahead" 的含义。其他场合避免使用它

  2. As to whether

    仅用 whether 即可

  3. As good or better than
  4. Bid
  5. Case
  6. Certainly
  7. Character
  8. Claim
  9. Compare

    to compare to 用于比较本质上不同的两个人、事或物,指出或暗示他们的相似之处。

    to compare with 用于本质上相同的,指出他们的不同之处。

  10. Clever
  11. Consider
  12. Dependable
  13. Due to
  14. Effect
  15. Etc
  16. Fact
  17. Factor
  18. Feature
  19. Fix
  20. He is a man who
  21. However

    表示 "然而" 时,不可放于句首。放在句首,表示 “无论如何,不论怎样”

  22. Kind of
  23. Less

    不要与 fewer 混淆(xiao) less 用来形容不可数名词,fewer 用形容可数名词。例如,"His troubles are less than mine"

  24. Line alone these lines
  25. Literal literally
  26. Lose out
  27. Most
  28. Nature
  29. Near by
  30. Oftentimes ofttimes
  31. One hundred and one
  32. One of the most
  33. People
  34. Phase
  35. Possess
  36. Respective Respectively
  37. So

    在写作中,要避免用 so 来表示强调,如 "so good" "so warm"。

  38. Sort of
  39. State
  40. Student body
  41. System
  42. Thanking you in advance
  43. They
  44. Very

    这个单词需要谨慎使用。当文章需要强调时候,应使用本身语义较强的单词来表达。

  45. Viewpoint
  46. While
  47. Whome
  48. Worth while
  49. Would

    使用第一人称来表达的条件句应该用 should, 而不是用 would。

    
    I should not have succeeded without his help.
    

Chapter 5 常见的拼写错误

accidentally formerly privilege
advice humorous repetition
beginning immediately rhyme
believe latter ridiculous
challenge led sacrilegious
criticize lose seize
deceive marriage separate
definite mischief shepherd
describe murmur siege
sespise necessary similar
develop occurred simile
disappoint parallel too
duel Philip tragedy
ecstasy playwright tries
effect preceding undoubtedly
existence prejudice until
fiery principal